Spinal cord injury (SCI) distinguishes itself from peripheral nerve injury by causing devastating and irreversible damage to the spine, resulting in profound motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. The ensuing complex microenvironment of SCI, characterized by hemorrhage, inflammation, and scar formation, poses substantial challenges to regeneration and complicates numerous transplantation strategies. Recent research has shifted its focus towards manipulating the intricate SCI microenvironment to enhance regeneration, with some approaches demonstrating significant therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, the reconstruction of an appropriate microenvironment post-transplantation emerges as a potential therapeutic solution for SCI. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview, firstly summarizing the influential compositions of the microenvironment and their diverse effects on regeneration. Secondly, we highlight recent research employing various transplantation strategies to modulate distinct microenvironments induced by SCI, aiming to facilitate regeneration. Lastly, we discuss prospective transplantation strategies for SCI, emphasizing the importance of addressing the complex microenvironment for successful therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose
To evaluate the impacts of regional and socioeconomic factors on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) diagnosis and treatment using national datasets of the Korean National Health Insurance System. The prevalence of, and therapeutic trends in, AIS are affected by a variety of environmental factors.
Materials and Methods
We analyzed random samples from datasets (10% of all entries) between 2012 and 2018, including in terms of patient demographics, residential status (a “special city”, and urban, and rural regions) and socioeconomic status (SES) based on health insurance premiums (which distinguish National Health Insurance and Medical Aid [MA] beneficiaries).
Results
The AIS prevalence was approximately 1.6-fold higher in females than in males, whereas the rate of male surgery was approximately 1.5-fold higher than that in females. AIS prevalence was higher among National Health Insurance beneficiaries (in all years), whereas the surgery rate was higher among MA beneficiaries (in most years). In all years, AIS prevalence was significantly higher among special city residents than in urban and rural residents. However, the surgical treatment rates were higher in the latter regions.
Conclusions
Our nationwide evaluation revealed AIS prevalence rates and therapeutic trends. AIS epidemiology varies by region and economic status.